Necesito vuestra ayuda!

[Kalkoven]

Así me gusta, Kalkoven, mordiendo!

Pos mira que yo no suelo morder (por lo menos, mientras no me dan la suficiente confianza ), pero esto me saca de mis casillaaaas! Lástima no tener un cara a cara con ella, que la iba a dejar en bragas...

Ya volveré con la bibliografía o con parte de ella, porque tampoco es cuestión de pasarse el fin de semana trabajando para que luego la señora no sepa ni decir jelou.

[Kalkoven]

Bueno, primero decir que esta mujer igual se ha encontrado con vegetarianos con carencias, porque es posible, pero su trabajo es precisamente saber que una dieta vegetariana puede ser completamente saludable y cómo asesorar a un vegetariano para que se alimente correctamente. Sin embargo, por los comentarios que parece haber hecho, creo que te vas a encontrar con un muro, porque conocimientos, me parece que los tiene muy justitos. Otra cosa que quiero añadir, es lo que ya he comentado en otros hilos: tradicionalmente, los estudios clínicos han ido a buscar déficits en la dietas vegetarianas y los han encontrado, exactamente igual que los encontrarían en las dietas omnívoras, ya que los "vegetarianos" son un grupo muy heterogéneo de personas con hábitos alimentarios completamente distintos, desde desastrosos hasta muy bien planificados.

Yo lo primero que le enviaría es la declaración de la ADA, que ya aparece en un link que te ha puesto Snickers y que dice lo siguiente en su resumen:

"Dietetics professionals have a responsibility to support and encourage those who express an interest in consuming a vegetarian diet. They can play key roles in educating vegetarian clients about food sources of specific nutrients, food purchase and preparation, and any dietary modifications that may be necessary to meet individual needs."

Es decir, "Los profesionales de la dietética tienen la obligación de respaldar y animar a aquéllos que expresan interés en seguir una dieta vegetariana. Pueden desempeñar un papel clave en la educación de los vegetarianos en cuanto a fuentes alimentarias de nutrientes específicos, compra y preparación de alimentos y toda modificación dietética que pueda resultar necesaria para satisfacer las necesidades individuales."

Este parrafito ES SU DEBER como profesional.

[Kalkoven]

En cuanto a las dietas vegetarianas en general:

Vegetarian diets: what are the advantages?
Leitzmann C.

Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany. claus.leitzmann@ernaehrung.uni-giessen.de

A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that wholesome vegetarian diets offer distinct advantages compared to diets containing meat and other foods of animal origin. The benefits arise from lower intakes of saturated fat, cholesterol and animal protein as well as higher intakes of complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamin C and E, carotenoids and other phytochemicals. Since vegetarians consume widely divergent diets, a differentiation between various types of vegetarian diets is necessary. Indeed, many contradictions and misunderstandings concerning vegetarianism are due to scientific data from studies without this differentiation. In the past, vegetarian diets have been described as being deficient in several nutrients including protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin B12 and A, n-3 fatty acids and iodine. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the observed deficiencies are usually due to poor meal planning. Well-balanced vegetarian diets are appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, including children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly and competitive athletes. In most cases, vegetarian diets are beneficial in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, renal disease and dementia, as well as diverticular disease, gallstones and rheumatoid arthritis. The reasons for choosing a vegetarian diet often go beyond health and well-being and include among others economical, ecological and social concerns. The influences of these aspects of vegetarian diets are the subject of the new field of nutritional ecology that is concerned with sustainable life styles and human development.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1...ubmed_RVDocSum

The contribution of vegetarian diets to health and disease: a paradigm shift?
Sabaté J.

Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. jsabate@sph.llu.edu

Advances in nutrition research during the past few decades have changed scientists' understanding of the contribution of vegetarian diets to human health and disease. Diets largely based on plant foods, such as well-balanced vegetarian diets, could best prevent nutrient deficiencies as well as diet-related chronic diseases. However, restrictive or unbalanced vegetarian diets may lead to nutritional deficiencies, particularly in situations of high metabolic demand. If some vegetarian diets are healthier than diets largely based on animal products, this constitutes an important departure from previous views on dietary recommendations to prevent disease conditions. Based on different paradigms, 3 models are presented depicting the population health risks and benefits of vegetarian and meat-based diets. This series of models encapsulates the evolution of scientific understanding on the overall effects of these dietary patterns on human health. Recent scientific advances seem to have resulted in a paradigm shift: diets largely based on plant foods, such as well-balanced vegetarian diets, are viewed more as improving health than as causing disease, in contrast with meat-based diets.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1...ractPlusDrugs1

Hay más ejemplos, pero no le vamos a saturar su única neurona.

[Kalkoven]

Respecto a proteína animal vs proteína vegetal.. otro par de ejemplillos:

Vegan proteins may reduce risk of cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular disease by promoting increased glucagon activity.
McCarty MF.

Nutrition 21/AMBI, San Diego, CA, USA.

Amino acids modulate the secretion of both insulin and glucagon; the composition of dietary protein therefore has the potential to influence the balance of glucagon and insulin activity. Soy protein, as well as many other vegan proteins, are higher in non-essential amino acids than most animal-derived food proteins, and as a result should preferentially favor glucagon production. Acting on hepatocytes, glucagon promotes (and insulin inhibits) cAMP-dependent mechanisms that down-regulate lipogenic enzymes and cholesterol synthesis, while up-regulating hepatic LDL receptors and production of the IGF-I antagonist IGFBP-1. The insulin-sensitizing properties of many vegan diets--high in fiber, low in saturated fat--should amplify these effects by down-regulating insulin secretion. Additionally, the relatively low essential amino acid content of some vegan diets may decrease hepatic IGF-I synthesis. Thus, diets featuring vegan proteins can be expected to lower elevated serum lipid levels, promote weight loss, and decrease circulating IGF-I activity. The latter effect should impede cancer induction (as is seen in animal studies with soy protein), lessen neutrophil-mediated inflammatory damage, and slow growth and maturation in children. In fact, vegans tend to have low serum lipids, lean physiques, shorter stature, later puberty, and decreased risk for certain prominent 'Western' cancers; a vegan diet has documented clinical efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Low-fat vegan diets may be especially protective in regard to cancers linked to insulin resistance--namely, breast and colon cancer--as well as prostate cancer; conversely, the high IGF-I activity associated with heavy ingestion of animal products may be largely responsible for the epidemic of 'Western' cancers in wealthy societies. Increased phytochemical intake is also likely to contribute to the reduction of cancer risk in vegans. Regression of coronary stenoses has been documented during low-fat vegan diets coupled with exercise training; such regimens also tend to markedly improve diabetic control and lower elevated blood pressure. Risk of many other degenerative disorders may be decreased in vegans, although reduced growth factor activity may be responsible for an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke. By altering the glucagon/insulin balance, it is conceivable that supplemental intakes of key non-essential amino acids could enable omnivores to enjoy some of the health advantages of a vegan diet. An unnecessarily high intake of essential amino acids--either in the absolute sense or relative to total dietary protein--may prove to be as grave a risk factor for 'Western' degenerative diseases as is excessive fat intake.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1...ractPlusDrugs1

Supongo que su ojo sesgado verá rápidamente lo que pongo en itálica, pero el aumento del IGF-1 es un factor de riesgo para múltiples enfermedades, mientras que sus bajos niveles sólo predisponen a accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico en presencia de ciertos hábitos de alimentación occidentales, como el consumo de sal. Por otro lado, el riesgo de ACV hemorrágico es mucho más alto en la población omnívora debido a que su causa más frecuente es la hipertensión.

Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis.
Abelow BJ, Holford TR, Insogna KL.

Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.

Age-adjusted female hip fracture incidence has been noted to be higher in industrialized countries than in nonindustrialized countries. A possible explanation that has received little attention is that elevated metabolic acid production associated with a high animal protein diet might lead to chronic bone buffering and bone dissolution. In an attempt to examine this hypothesis, cross-cultural variations in animal protein consumption and hip fracture incidence were examined. When female fracture rates derived from 34 published studies in 16 countries were regressed against estimates of dietary animal protein, a strong, positive association was found. This association could not plausibly be explained by either dietary dietary calcium or total caloric intake. Recent studies suggest that the animal protein-hip fracture association could have a biologically tenable basis. We conclude that further study of the metabolic acid-osteoporosis hypothesis is warranted.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/en...ractPlusDrugs1

A high ratio of dietary animal to vegetable protein increases the rate of bone loss and the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group.
Sellmeyer DE, Stone KL, Sebastian A, Cummings SR.

Division of Endocrinology, the General Clinical Research Center, and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA. dsellmeyer@psg.ucsf.edu

BACKGROUND: Different sources of dietary protein may have different effects on bone metabolism. Animal foods provide predominantly acid precursors, whereas protein in vegetable foods is accompanied by base precursors not found in animal foods. Imbalance between dietary acid and base precursors leads to a chronic net dietary acid load that may have adverse consequences on bone. OBJECTIVE: We wanted to test the hypothesis that a high dietary ratio of animal to vegetable foods, quantified by protein content, increases bone loss and the risk of fracture. DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study with a mean (+/-SD) of 7.0+/-1.5 y of follow-up of 1035 community-dwelling white women aged >65 y. Protein intake was measured by using a food-frequency questionnaire and bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Bone mineral density was not significantly associated with the ratio of animal to vegetable protein intake. Women with a high ratio had a higher rate of bone loss at the femoral neck than did those with a low ratio (P = 0.02) and a greater risk of hip fracture (relative risk = 3.7, P = 0.04). These associations were unaffected by adjustment for age, weight, estrogen use, tobacco use, exercise, total calcium intake, and total protein intake. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly women with a high dietary ratio of animal to vegetable protein intake have more rapid femoral neck bone loss and a greater risk of hip fracture than do those with a low ratio. This suggests that an increase in vegetable protein intake and a decrease in animal protein intake may decrease bone loss and the risk of hip fracture. This possibility should be confirmed in other prospective studies and tested in a randomized trial.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/en...RVAbstractPlus

[Kalkoven]

Tratamiento de cadiopatía isquémica: en el primer artículo ya se especifica que el programa de Ornish es vegetariano:

Ornish lifestyle modification program continues to produce impressive outcomes for CHD.
[No authors listed]

The Dean Ornish program for cardiac rehabilitation has been undergoing a national trial of patients with moderate to severe heart disease. Preliminary results indicate that the program can actually reverse coronary artery disease by lowering patients' cholesterol levels and reducing their blood pressure. Although the regimen requires a strict vegetarian diet, the program saves money over traditional therapies such as angioplasty and appears to be even more effective.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/en...ubmed_RVDocSum

Cardiovascular risk reductions associated with aggressive lifestyle modification and cardiac rehabilitation.
Aldana SG, Whitmer WR, Greenlaw R, Avins AL, Salberg A, Barnhurst M, Fellingham G, Lipsenthal L.

College of Health and Human Performance, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.

BACKGROUND: Patients who have been treated for coronary heart disease can enroll in traditional cardiac rehabilitation, the Ornish Program, or no rehabilitation at all. No study has compared the impact of each on cardiovascular disease risk (CVD) factors. METHODS: The current study compared CVD risk changes in post coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous coronary intervention procedure patients who participated in the Ornish Heart Disease Reversing Program, a traditional cardiac rehabilitation, and a control group that received no formal cardiac risk-reduction program. This was a longitudinal, observational study of 84 patients receiving CVD standard of care who elected to participate in 1 of the 3 study groups. Assessments of CVD risk factors and anginal severity were obtained at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. RESULTS: Ornish program participants had significantly greater reductions in anginal frequency, body weight, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, dietary fat, and increases in complex carbohydrates than were documented in the rehabilitation or control groups. The control group experienced the greatest reduction in anginal pain severity, but also had significantly higher systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that CVD patients who choose to participate in the Ornish program can experience greater improvements in CVD risks than patients who choose to participate in traditional cardiac rehabilitation or no formal program.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/en...ubmed_RVDocSum

The influence of an intense cardiovascular disease risk factor modification program.
Aldana SG, Greenlaw R, Thomas D, Salberg A, DeMordaunt T, Fellingham GW, Avins AL.

College of Health and Human Performance, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-2214, USA. steve_aldana@byu.edu

In an effort to make intensive lifestyle modification programs more accessible to patients with cardiovascular disease, the Ornish Program was offered at eight independent medical centers located across the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine if one of these independent sites was able to replicate outcomes produced by the original Ornish Program. Fifty program participants from six different cohorts provided baseline, 3- and 12-month data consisting of blood lipids, body fat, blood pressure, anginal pain, quality of life, stress, depression, social support, and hostility. A pooled analysis showed significant reductions in almost all physiological and psychosocial variables with most reductions persisting for at least 12 months. These findings suggest that cardiovascular disease patients who choose to participate in an independent, intensive lifestyle modification program can experience significant improvements in both physiological and psychosocial cardiovascular disease risk factors.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/en...ubmed_RVDocSum

En el artículo no lo especifica, pero el programa de Esselstyn también es vegano (http://www.heartattackproof.com/resolving_cade.htm)

A strategy to arrest and reverse coronary artery disease: a 5-year longitudinal study of a single physician's practice.
Esselstyn CB Jr, Ellis SG, Medendorp SV, Crowe TD.

Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA.

BACKGROUND. Animal experiments and epidemiological studies have suggested that coronary disease could be prevented, arrested, or even reversed by maintaining total serum cholesterol levels below 150 mg/dL (3.88 mmol/L). In 1985, we began to study how effective one physician could be in helping patients achieve this cholesterol level and what the associated effect of achieving and maintaining this cholesterol level has on coronary disease. METHODS. The study included 22 patients with angiographically documented, severe coronary artery disease that was not immediately life threatening. These patients took cholesterol-lowering drugs and followed a diet that derived no more than 10% of its calories from fat. Disease progression was measured by coronary angiography and quantified with the percent diameter stenosis and minimal lumen diameter methods. Serum cholesterol was measured biweekly for 5 years and monthly thereafter. RESULTS. Of the 22 participants, 5 dropped out within 2 years, and 17 maintained the diet, 11 of whom completed a mean of 5.5 years of follow-up. All 11 of these participants reduced their cholesterol level from a mean baseline of 246 mg/dL (6.36 mmol/L) to below 150 mg/dL (3.88 mmol/L). Lesion analysis by percent stenosis showed that of 25 lesions, 11 regressed and 14 remained stable. Mean arterial stenosis decreased from 53.4% to 46.2% (estimated decrease = 7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3 to 10.7, P < .05). Analysis by minimal lumen diameter of 25 lesions found that 6 regressed, 14 remained stable, and 5 progressed. Mean lumen diameter increased from 1.3 mm to 1.4 mm (estimated increase = 0.08 mm; 95% CI, -0.06 to 0.22, P = NS). Disease was clinically arrested in all 11 participants, and none had new infarctions. Among the 11 remaining patients after 10 years, six continued the diet and had no further coronary events, whereas the five dropouts who resumed their prestudy diet reported 10 coronary events. CONCLUSIONS. A physician can influence patients in the decision to adopt a very low-fat diet that, combined with lipid-lowering drugs, can reduce cholesterol levels to below 150 mg/dL and uniformly result in the arrest or reversal of coronary artery disease.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7...ubmed_RVDocSum

[Kalkoven]

¿Sigo? Hay mucho más...

[veganauta]

¿Sigo? Hay mucho más...

Kalkoven al ataqueeee!!!

[veganauta]

Por cierto...para ser dietista o nutricionista (¿serán lo mismo? )...
¿hay que estar licenciad@ en medicina?

[Kalkoven]

Por cierto...para ser dietista o nutricionista (¿serán lo mismo? )...
¿hay que estar licenciad@ en medicina?

No, es una diplomatura aparte. El médico en teoría especializado en nutrición es el endocrinólogo... pero cualquiera con voluntad puede aprender y leer por su cuenta, que para eso cualquier médico tiene toda la formación necesaria; al fin y al cabo, para saber de nutrición sólo hay que ir a los estudios y los libros y leer, no es como aprender una técnica quirúrgica, por ejemplo. De hecho, las personas que más están aplicando este tipo de dietas a las diversas enfermedades son especialistas en esas enfermedades, no endocrinólogos. De todas formas, en las asociación de dietética de EE.UU. sí hay médicos (me imagino que en la de aquí también).

[Txintxarri]

sin palabras kalkoven!