Evaluation of a Validated Food Frequency Questionnaire for Self-Defined Vegans

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Evaluation of a Validated Food Frequency Questionnaire for Self-Defined Vegans in the United States


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113754/

Evaluation of the originally developed questionnaire for U.S. vegans demonstrated moderate to high validity for the majority of analyzed nutrients when compared to multiple 24-h diet recalls. When compared to the DRIs, both methods found vitamin D intake trends to be below individual requirements for all the vegan participants. Except for calcium, intake estimates from both methods were found to be higher than DRI values for all other analyzed nutrients. We conclude that this FFQ can have useful application for vegans residing in the United States. Our study results also prompt recommendation that all persons practicing a vegan lifestyle should ensure diets containing adequate natural, fortified, or supplemental sources of all the vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients of interest; particularly, vitamin D and calcium.